FSC Part 1 Physics Notes - StudyNotesPakistan

Chapter 1: Measurements

Introduction

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. Measurements are fundamental to physics.

Physical Quantities

Base Quantities: Length, Mass, Time, Current, Temperature, Amount, Luminous Intensity
Derived Quantities: Velocity, Force, Energy, Power, etc.

SI Units

Length: meter (m)
Mass: kilogram (kg)
Time: second (s)
Current: ampere (A)
Temperature: kelvin (K)

Significant Figures

Rules:

All non-zero digits are significant
Zeros between non-zeros are significant
Leading zeros are not significant
Trailing zeros in decimal are significant

Precision vs Accuracy

Precision: Repeatability of measurement
Accuracy: Closeness to true value

Chapter 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

Scalar vs Vector

Scalar: Only magnitude (mass, speed, time)
Vector: Magnitude + direction (force, velocity, displacement)

Vector Addition

Triangle Law / Parallelogram Law

R = √(A² + B² + 2AB cosθ) (Resultant)

Resolution of Vectors

Aₓ = A cosθ
Aᵧ = A sinθ

Equilibrium

Body in equilibrium when:

ΣF = 0 (Translational)
Στ = 0 (Rotational)

Lami's Theorem

F₁/sinα = F₂/sinβ = F₃/sinγ

Chapter 3: Motion and Force

Newton's Laws

First Law (Inertia)

Object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by external force.

Second Law

F = ma
1 N = 1 kg m/s²

Third Law

Action = -Reaction

Momentum

p = mv
Impulse = FΔt = Δp

Conservation of Momentum

In absence of external force, total momentum remains constant.

Chapter 4: Work and Energy

Work

W = Fd cosθ
Unit: Joule (J)

Energy

KE = ½mv²
PE = mgh

Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Power

P = W/t = Fv
Unit: Watt (W)

Chapter 5: Circular Motion

Angular Quantities

θ = s/r (radians)

ω = θ/t = 2πf (angular velocity)

α = ω/t (angular acceleration)

Centripetal Force

F = mv²/r = mω²r

Centrifugal Force

Pseudo force in rotating frame.

Banked Curves

tanθ = v²/rg

Chapter 6: Fluid Dynamics

Streamline Flow

Laminar flow where fluid particles follow smooth paths.

Equation of Continuity

A₁v₁ = A₂v₂
Av = constant

Bernoulli's Equation

P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant

Viscosity

Resistance to flow. Coefficient η.

Stokes' Law

F = 6πηrv

Chapter 7: Oscillations

Simple Harmonic Motion

Motion where acceleration is proportional to displacement from equilibrium.

x = A sin(ωt + φ)

ω = 2πf = √(k/m)

T = 2π√(m/k)

Energy in SHM

Total E = ½KA² = ½mω²A²

Simple Pendulum

T = 2π√(L/g)

Chapter 8: Waves

Types of Waves

Mechanical: Require medium (sound, water)
Electromagnetic: Don't require medium (light)

Wave Equation

v = fλ
v = velocity, f = frequency, λ = wavelength

Superposition

Waves add up (constructive/destructive interference).

Standing Waves

λₙ = 2L/n
fₙ = nv/2L